Panwar, N. L., Kaushik, S. C. & Kothari, S. State of the art of solar cooking: an overview. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 16, 3776–3785 (2012).
Engler-Stringer, R. Food, cooking skills, and health: a literature review. Can. J. Diet. Prac. Res. 71, 141–145 (2010).
Mills, S. et al. Health and social determinants and outcomes of home cooking: a systematic review of observational studies. Appetite 111, 116–134 (2017).
Daniels, S., Glorieux, I., Minnen, J. & van Tienoven, T. P. More than preparing a meal? Concerning the meanings of home cooking. Appetite 58, 1050–1056 (2012).
Du, W. et al. PAHs emissions from residential biomass burning in real-world cooking stoves in rural China. Environ. Pollut. 267, 115592 (2020).
Chafe, Z. A. et al. Household cooking with solid fuels contributes to ambient PM2.5 air pollution and the burden of disease. Environ. Health Perspect. 122, 1314–1320 (2014).
Zhao, B. et al. Change in household fuels dominates the decrease in PM2.5 exposure and premature mortality in China in 2005–2015. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115, 12401–12406 (2018).
Yu, K. et al. Cooking fuels and risk of all-cause and cardiopulmonary mortality in urban China, a prospective cohort study. Lancet Glob. Health 8, e430–e439 (2020).
Yu, K. et al. Association of solid fuel use with risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in rural China. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 319, 1351–1361 (2018).
Gordon, S. B. et al. Respiratory risks from household air pollution in low- and middle-income countries. Lancet Respir. Med. 2, 823–860 (2014).
Shupler, M. et al. Household and personal air pollution exposure measurements from 120 communities in eight countries: results from the PURE-AIR study. Lancet Planet. Health 4, e451–e462 (2020).
Tracking SDG 7: The Energy Progress Report (IEA Press, 2020).
Lewis, J. J. & Pattanayak, S. K. Who adopts improved fuels and cookstoves? A systematic review. Environ. Health Perspect. 120, 637–645 (2012).
Duan, X. et al. Household fuel use for cooking and heating in China, results from the first Chinese Environmental Exposure-Related Human Activity Patterns Survey (CEERHAPS). Appl. Energ. 136, 692–703 (2014).
Zong, G., Eisenberg, D. M., Hu, F. B. & Sun, Q. Consumption of meals prepared at home and risk of type 2 diabetes, an analysis of two prospective cohort studies. PLoS. Med. 13, e1002052 (2016).
Wang, F. et al. Associations between daily cooking duration and the prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes in a middle-aged and elderly Chinese population: a cross-sectional study. Indoor Air 28, 238–246 (2018).
Zhang, Y., Tang, T. & Tang, K. Cooking frequency and hypertension with gender as a modifier. Nutr. J. 18, 79 (2019).
Tani, Y., Fujiwara, T., Isumi, A. & Doi, S. Home cooking is related to potential reduction in cardiovascular disease risk among adolescents, results from the A-CHILD study. Nutrients 12, 3845 (2020).
Chen, R. C., Lee, M., Chang, Y. H. & Wahlqvist, M. L. Cooking frequency may enhance survival in Taiwanese elderly. Public Health Nutr. 15, 1142–1149 (2012).
GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019, a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 396, 1204–1222 (2020).
He, J. et al. Major causes of death among men and women in China. N. Engl. J. Med. 353, 1124–1134 (2005).
Flegal, K. M., Graubard, B. I., Williamson, D. F. & Cooper, R. S. Reverse causation and illness-related weight loss in observational studies of body weight and mortality. Am. J. Epidemiol. 173, 1–9 (2011).
Hu, Y. et al. Smoking cessation, weight change, type 2 diabetes, and mortality. N. Engl. J. Med. 379, 623–632 (2018).
Méjean, C. et al. Social disparities in food preparation behaviors, a DEDIPAC study. Nutr. J. 16, 62 (2017).
Szabo, M. Foodwork or foodplay? Men’s domestic cooking, privilege and leisure. Br. J. Sociol. 47, 623–638 (2013).
Neuman, N., Gottzén, L. & Fjellström, C. Masculinity and the sociality of cooking in men’s everyday lives. Sociol. Rev. 65, 816–831 (2017).
Beagan, B., Chapman, G. E., D’Sylva, A. & Bassett, B. R. It’s just easier for me to do it: rationalizing the family division of foodwork. Sociology 42, 653–671 (2008).
Harryson, L., Aléx, L. & Hammarström, A. “I have surly passed a limit, it is simply too much”, women’s and men’s experiences of stress and wellbeing when living within a process of housework resignation. BMC Public Health 16, 224 (2016).
Lvarez-Gallardo, I. C. et al. Physical activity, sedentary behaviour, physical fitness, and cognitive performance in women with fibromyalgia who engage in reproductive and productive work: the al-Ándalus project. Clin. Rheumatol. 38, 3585–3593 (2019).
Du, H. et al. Physical activity and sedentary leisure time and their associations with BMI, waist circumference, and percentage body fat in 0.5 million adults, the China Kadoorie Biobank study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 97, 487–496 (2013).
Daigle, C. C. et al. Ultrafine particle deposition in humans during rest and exercise. Inhal. Toxicol. 15, 539–552 (2003).
Tainio, M. et al. Air pollution, physical activity and health, a mapping review of the evidence. Environ. Int. 147, 105954 (2021).
Hutcheon, J. A., Chiolero, A. & Hanley, J. A. Random measurement error and regression dilution bias. Br. Med. J. 340, c2289 (2010).
Chen, Z. et al. China Kadoorie Biobank of 0.5 million people, survey methods, baseline characteristics and long-term follow-up. Int. J. Epidemiol. 40, 1652–1666 (2011).
Chen, Z. et al. Cohort profile, the Kadoorie Study of Chronic Disease in China (KSCDC). Int. J. Epidemiol. 34, 1243–1249 (2005).
Du, H. et al. Fresh fruit consumption and major cardiovascular disease in China. N. Engl. J. Med. 374, 1332–1343 (2016).
Wang, S. & Luo, K. Life expectancy impacts due to heating energy utilization in China: distribution, relations, and policy implications. Sci. Total. Environ. 610–611, 1047–1056 (2018).
Chen, Z. et al. Contrasting male and female trends in tobacco-attributed mortality in China: evidence from successive nationwide prospective cohort studies. Lancet 386, 1447–1456 (2015).
Yang, G. et al. Rapid health transition in China, 1990–2010, findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 381, 1987–2015 (2013).
The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioral Disorders, Diagnostic Criteria for Research (WHO, 2021); https://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/GRNBOOK.pdf
Landis, J. R. & Koch, G. G. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics 33, 159–174 (1977).
Grambsch, P. M. & Therneau, T. M. Proportional hazards tests and diagnostics based on weighted residuals. Biometrika 81, 515 (1994).
Eckel, R. H. et al. 2013 AHA/ACC guideline on lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 63, 2960–2984 (2014).
Chair, S. Y. et al. Association between household solid fuel use for cooking and sleep disturbance in rural China: findings from the China Kadoorie Biobank data. Sleep Med. 83, 13–20 (2020).
Wolfson, J. A., Leung, C. W. & Richardson, C. R. More frequent cooking at home is associated with higher Healthy Eating Index-2015 score. Public Health Nutr. 23, 2384–2394 (2020).
Zong, G., Eisenberg, D. M., Hu, F. B. & Sun, Q. Consumption of meals prepared at home and risk of type 2 diabetes: an analysis of two prospective cohort studies. PLoS. Med. 13, e1002052 (2016).
Duffey, K. J., Gordon-Larsen, P., Jacobs, D. R. Jr, Williams, O. D. & Popkin, B. M. Differential associations of fast food and restaurant food consumption with 3-y change in body mass index: the coronary artery risk development in young adults study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 85, 201–208 (2007).
Shao, J., Ge, T., Liu, Y., Zhao, Z. & Xia, Y. Longitudinal associations between household solid fuel use and depression in middle-aged and older Chinese population: a cohort study. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 209, 111833 (2021).
Lin, D. Y., Fleming, T. R. & De Gruttola, V. Estimating the proportion of treatment effect explained by a surrogate marker. Stat. Med. 16, 1515–1527 (1997).
Seeger, J. D., Williams, P. L. & Walker, A. M. An application of propensity score matching using claims data. Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf. 14, 465–476 (2005).
Austin, P. C. Balance diagnostics for comparing the distribution of baseline covariates between treatment groups in propensity-score matched samples. Stat. Med. 28, 3083–3107 (2009).
Kim, N. H., Han, K. H., Choi, J., Lee, J. & Kim, S. G. Use of fenofibrate on cardiovascular outcomes in statin users with metabolic syndrome: propensity matched cohort study. Br. Med. J. 366, l5125 (2019).
